#Bruker apex ii software full

The LI-HT phase shows a change in the resulting crystal dimensions that are slightly larger than the previously reported high-temperature (HT) phase crystal (width by +0.5%, length by +0.9% and thickness by +0.5%). The interference colour of the resulting crystal appeared to be similar to that produced by a thermal crystalline phase transition at 128 ☌ reported earlier 17, 18. The backward switching of this crystal occurs much faster than the bending motion of azobenzene groups reported for crystals (3.8 s) and polymer films (8 s–5 min) 15, 19, 20, 21.Ī photoinduced crystal-to-crystal phase transition occurred at 115 ☌ under 5 mW of focused laser irradiation (445 nm), resulting in the formation of a LI high-temperature (LI-HT) phase in 25 ms ( Fig. Thus, the high-speed switching of the mechanical motion (and change in the interference colour) of the crystal was achieved for both forward and backward paths by controlling the irradiation. The crystal size was repeatedly changed for more than 1,000 times within 1,200 s by turning the laser light on and off ( Supplementary Fig. Turning off the laser resulted in contraction of the expanded crystal, returning it to the original size on the same timescale (12 ms) ( Supplementary Fig.

The crystal size reached a maximum size within 12 ms ( Supplementary Fig. The length and width of the crystal top face increased from 86.1 to 86.3 μm (+0.2%) and from 46.1 to 46.6 μm (+1.0%) along the a and b crystal cell axes, respectively, and the thickness ( c axis) increased from 15.4 to 15.5 μm (+0.6%) at the focal point of 12 mW laser irradiation. The crystals underwent rapid and reversible expansion/contraction when the laser beam (445 nm) was turned on/off at 30 ☌. 1) at 30 ☌ led to a rapid, slightly subtractive and interference colour, yielding a laser-induced (LI) phase accompanied by a crystal expansion ( Fig. Focused irradiation with a 445 nm laser (12 mW, beam diameter ∼1 μm, Supplementary Fig. Figure 1 summarizes the observed changes in the molecular structures and interference colours. Single crystals of rotaxane containing a ferrocenylmethyl(4-methypheynyl)ammonium axle molecule and a dibenzocrown-8 (DB24C8) ring molecule were used in this study.

#Bruker apex ii software full

In addition, the full phase transition occurs with a rapid, reversible process, resulting in a new metastable phase. This study presents the rapid and highly reversible mechanical performance of a crystal phase transition caused by a local structural change using focused laser irradiation as the stimulus. Photoinduced structural changes in the crystal would be a new path to a metastable crystal structure and provide a multiple stimulus–response system for a single compound. We reported the thermal phase transition of rotaxane crystals comprising ferrocenylmethyl(4-methylphenyl)ammonium and crown ether at 128 ☌ (heating) and at 115 ☌ (cooling) 17, 18. Reversible processes for the repeated performance of crystals require a combination of a double stimulus for the forward and backward phase transition, that is, photoirradiation, temperature change, irradiation at different wavelengths and the backward process is generally 1–2 orders of magnitude slower than the forward process 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Most previous studies have been concerned with full phase transition, where the structure, electronic state and/or conformation of all of the molecules within the crystals vary under crystallographic control 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11. A recent application of crystalline phase transition involves positive or negative thermal expansion based on an anisotropic change of the crystal shape caused by a change in temperature 6, 7, 8. Phase transitions in the crystals of molecular compounds have been extended to spin-crossover transition-metal complexes 1, 2, mixed valence compounds 3 and stimulus-responsive organic materials 4, 5.